Understanding Ozone, Rubatex Information

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Understanding Ozone

Rubatex Msds You often hear of "good" and "bad" ozone, but that refers to where the ozone is. Ground level ozone vs. stratospheric ozone.

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Rubatex Pipe Ozone depletion, or a lowering of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, allows more ultraviolet energy to reach Earth.

This is why people have been concerned about it since the 1970s, and especially since the mid 1980s when the "ozone hole" was discovered over Antarctica.

Ozone loss is a concern because too much ultraviolet energy can harm living things, including humans.

On the other hand, when smog alerts are issued, you often hear about such air pollution being bad because it contains ozone.

So, is ozone good or bad? How is it possible to have both not enough and too much of the stuff?

To explain this, some people talk about "good" and "bad" ozone. But - and this is important - the difference between "good" and "bad" ozone depend on where it is, not what it is.

So, what is ozone?

All ozone molecules consist of three oxygen atoms, while the molecules of ordinary oxygen - the stuff in the air that all animals need - are made of two oxygen atoms. Good ozone refers to ozone high in the atmosphere where it blocks potentially harmful ultraviolet energy.

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Rubatex Pipe Insulation Bad ozone refers to ozone near the ground - it's a product of pollution - that can make our eyes water and is dangerous for people with certain kinds of illnesses.

Ozone that's too close for comfort

Let's first look at the so-called "bad" ozone near the ground.

When you burn gasoline in a car, a truck, or even a gasoline lawn mower, the stuff coming out of the exhaust pipe includes nitrogen oxide, which is a gas. Each nitrogen oxide molecule is made of one atom of nitrogen and two atoms of oxygen.

On a sunny day, air containing nitrogen-dioxide turns into a chemistry experiment that's not confined to a test tube.

One of the things that happens is the nitrogen-dioxide sheds one of its oxygen atoms, becoming nitrogen oxide. You can think of single oxygen atoms being lonely and hyperactive (if you like to think of things like atoms in this way.) The single oxygen atoms combine with some of the air's molecular oxygen (consisting of two oxygen atoms), becoming ozone.

Sunlight shining on air with the right kinds of pollution creates other kinds of pollution that go into making what we call "photochemical smog," which includes ozone.

The ozone hole, far away but important

The Antarctic "hole" is really a radical thinning in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere above Antarctica,, with maybe half of the ozone there being destroyed. Here's what happens each year:

During Antarctica's dark March-September winter, air temperatures above the South Pole drop into the -130F range.
This forms a ring of high-altitude winds around Antarctica a polar vortex.
The vortex traps ozone and ozone-eating substances and blocks outside air.
When the sun begins coming up in September, it energizes chemical reactions that destroy ozone, creating the hole.
In November or December, as the air warms, the vortex breaks down and ozone-rich air from elsewhere mixes with the ozone-poor, polar air, filling in the hole.

By the way, the ozone hole is not a "hole" in the usual sense; we don't have to worry about things such as the atmosphere leaking away through the "hole," and there is no way to send the Space Shuttle up to patch it in some way.

Before we continue with a closer look at the ozone hole, you might want to read more about "good" and "bad" ozone. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Web site right below has just what you need.

Good and bad ozone

The ozone hole comes and goes

One of the big failings in most attempts to teach people about the ozone hole is the failure to make the point that the ozone hole comes and goes with the sun over Antarctica. The links below are to stories that we've published in the past with more on what happens each year above Antarctica, including how the hole forms and why it goes away during Antarctica's summer.

December 2000: Antarctic ozone hole closes for the year.
September 2001: Antarctic ozone hole as large as last year's

The story below takes a close look at the structure of the ozone hole, including what altitudes most ozone disappears and how this changes during the year.

December 2000: Balloons tell South Pole ozone story

The Web sites below will give you a more detailed look at the science of the ozone hole.

NOAA: South Pole Observatory
Cambridge University.: The Ozone Hole Tour

Finally, if you're wondering about the people who study the Antarctic ozone hole and how it affects humans and other creatures in and around Antarctica, you'll find the answers by following the links below.

Scientists study world's cleanest air at South Pole
Does the ozone hole affect those who work in Antarctica?

Arctic sometimes has an ozone hole

While an ozone hole does not occur regularly over the Arctic, one does show up in some years. The USATODAY.com stories and NASA reports below have more about this.

May 1997: Winter ozone levels dip over far North
NASA; Volcanic eruption may cause future Arctic ozone holes
NASA Greenhouse gases and Arctic ozone loss
NASA: Scientists observe thinning of Arctic ozone

What's happening now with global ozone

The links below will take you to various current ozone measurements and also to historical data.

NASA: Today's ozone from Earth Probe TOMS (satellite)
NOAA: Current Antarctic stratospheric ozone levels
NOAA: Current Arctic stratospheric ozone levels
NOAA: Current stratospheric ozone levels outside polar regions
NOAA: Archives of global stratospheric ozone levels since 1962
NWS CPC: Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole size

We're emitting less of the stuff that destroys ozone

Treaties signed by the nations of the world have begun to reduce the amounts of ozone-depleting chemicals being added to the atmosphere, but there are still concerns. The link below should take you to just about anything you want to know about these treaties, both their history, and what's happening now.

UN Ozone Secretariat, information on ozone treaties

In the past, USATODAY.com has published stories about the coming and going on the Antarctic ozone hole that include information about the effects of these treaties. Links below are to some of these stories.

December 1996: Antarctic's ozone drops to near record
October 1999: Scientists see sign of ozone hole recovery
December 2000: Antarctic ozone hole closes for the year